Ditylenchus dipsaci is a species complex including diploid and polyploid individuals. Pdf the stem and bulb nematode, ditylenchus dipsaci, is a common parasite of garlic in ontario and. All photos included on this page can only be used for educational purposes. Page designed through the cooperative efforts of interagency itis teams. Since 2012, garlic producers from ontario and quebec have been. The stem and bulb nematode, ditylenchus dipsaci, is a plantparasitic nematode affecting over 500 plant species worldwide. The ditylenchus destructor genome provides new insights into the. In strawberries, leaves are small and distorted, and the foliage. Ditylenchus article about ditylenchus by the free dictionary. Host range and genetic characterization of ditylenchus dipsaci. The efsa panel on plant health performed a pest risk assessment on ditylenchus destructor, the potato rot nematode, for the eu. Ditylenchus dipsaci wikispecies, free species directory.
Introduction among the more than 80 species presently recognized in the genus ditylenchus filipjev, 1936, only a few are parasites of higher plants, while the majority of species is mycophagous. Ditylenchus dipsaci has only been reported as a tobacco pest in holland, france, germany and switzerland. Treatment with ethoprop resulted in greatest reduction of nematodes early in the season. General information about ditylenchus dipsaci ditydi eppo global database. Pdf first report of stem and bulb nematode ditylenchus dipsaci. However, prior to 1945, it was regarded as a strain or race of ditylenchus dipsaci the stem and bulb nematode. Minden pictures stock photos stem nematode ditylenchus dipsaci. The problem is not reported from other tobacco producing regions of the world. It is a quarantine pest in europe and well known in garlic production where it can cause losses of up to 90% abawi and moktan, 2010. The use of certified propagative material in uninfected soils is the best preventive and. Pm 787 2 ditylenchus destructor and ditylenchus dipsaci. The ditylenchus destructor genome provides new insights. Molecular characterization of ditylenchus dipsaci on onion. We performed comparative genomics among the freeliving nematode, caenorhabditis elegans and all the plant nematodes with genome.
Ditylenchus dipsaci is a plant pathogenic nematode that primarily infects onion and garlic. Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature top of page ditylenchus dipsaci exhibits considerable variation with external factors, such as temperature, and it has several host races. Ditylenchus dipsaci can survive in the soil in a state of diapause for 89 years. Minden pictures stock photos stem eelworm ditylenchus dipsaci. Ditylenchus dipsaci kuhn, 1857 filipjev, 1936, which is a severe plant pathogen worldwide. Itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. Ditylenchus destructor, the two species rarely occur together in the same plant andrassy and farkas, 1988. The susceptibility of potato varieties to infestation by the eelworms ditylenchus destructor and d. Each stage overwinters in the stems, petioles and bulbs of cultivated plants or weeds. This diagnostic protocol was adopted by the standards committee on behalf of the commission on phytosanitary measures. To degrade plant cell walls, ditylenchus destructor produces cellulases in the esophageal glands.
Ditylenchus definition is a genus of small slender nematode worms family tylenchidae including serious plant parasites as the potato rot nematode and the bulb eelworm as well as a number of harmless soil forms and commensals. Overall, both sexes of the nematode range from 12 mm. Later in the season, nematode populations increased with all treatments and crop. Ditylenchus destructor and ditylenchus dipsaci, eppo bulletin. Control of ditylenchus dipsaci in infected garlic seed cloves.
Pm 787 1 specific scope this standard describes a diagnostic protocol for ditylenchus destructor and ditylenchus dipsaci. Among the more than 80 species currently recognized in the genus ditylenchus filipjev, 1936, only a few are parasites of higher plants, such as d. Pdf control of ditylenchus dipsaci in infected garlic. Ditylenchus definition of ditylenchus by merriamwebster.
Leptochloa chinensis, striga asiatica, apenlenchoides besseyi, ditylenchus angustus. Brussels, 20th july 2016 recommendation of the working group on the annexes of the council directive 200029ec section ii listing of harmful organisms as regards the future listing of ditylenchus dipsaci kuhn filipvejev 1 current regulatory status. The influence of the host on the dimensions of the plant parasitic nematode ditylenchus destructor. Treating the soil with aldicarb or phenamiphos was also effective. Dieback is a common symptom caused by ditylenchus dipsaci. Control of ditylenchus dipsaci in infected garlic seed.
Pdf characterisation and pathogenicity of ditylenchus dipsaci. Nov 19, 2019 ditylenchus destructor usually feeds as an endoparasite below ground on tulips and other bulbs, but can also feed on fungal hyphae. Molecular diagnostics, taxonomy, and phylogeny of the stem. Introduction among the more than 80 species presently recognized in the genus ditylenchus filipjev, 1936, only a few are parasites of. There is in general a secondary invasion of fungi, bacteria and free. Ditylenchus dipsaci occurs in most temperate areas of the world and is a parasite of many crops including onion. The nematode genus ditylenchus filipjev contains more than 80 species, only few are parasites of higher plants.
Symptoms of infection include stunted growth, discoloration of bulbs, and swollen stems. The cuticular permeability of anhydrobiotic 4thstage juveniles of ditylenchus dipsaci decreases during rehydration, as indicated by staining with osmium tetroxide, the measurement of permeability coefficients by the rate of uptake of tritiated water from a hohcinulin bathing solution and by an increased ability to slow down the rate of water loss and to survive subsequent desiccation. Brussels, 20th july 2016 recommendation of the working group on the annexes of the council directive 200029ec section ii listing of harmful organisms as regards the future listing of ditylenchus dipsaci kuhn filipvejev 1. The stem nematode ditylenchus dipsaci is of great economic importance worldwide as a parasite of agricultural crops and horticultural plants. Stem nematode ditylenchus dipsaci is one of the most devastating plant parasitic nematodes and. Ditylenchus dipsaci and ditylenchus destructor ippc. Pdf garlic plant, which has an important place in the world economy as well as in human nutrition, is grown extensively in turkey. Pdf molecular characterization of ditylenchus dipsaci on garlic in. Ditylenchus destructor and ditylenchus dipsaci eppo global. Species specific primers are mostly used in molecular approaches for identification of d. Therefore, much of the earlier literature provides confusing information on the two species especially in relation to potato.
The genus ditylenchus is an extensive one containing 81 species, and within the species ditylenchus dipsaci there are 30 races variations. Ditylenchus dipsaci and everything you need to know to detect, avoid and cure this plague. Distribution and fluctuations in the soils of western france in vegetable and fodder cultures. Ditylenchus dipsaci attacks the bulbs and cloves of onions, garlic, and ornamentals. Mar11 pathogen of the month march 2011 plant pathology. Managing the spread of alfalfa stem nematodes ditylenchus dipsaci. Dec 01, 2008 pm 787 1 specific scope this standard describes a diagnostic protocol for ditylenchus destructor and ditylenchus dipsaci. Gordillo1 1department of mathematics and statistics, utah state university, logan, ut 84322.
Nematodefree certified seeds and planting material are most essential to. Major damage on garlic, onion, carrot, broad beans, lucerne, oats, strawberry, and various ornamentals. Ditylenchus dipsaci ditydiphotos eppo global database. Aug 02, 2018 ditylenchus dipsaci has been documented in early reports as a complex containing several species sturhan and brzeski, 1991.
Stem nematode ditylenchus dipsaci is one of the most devastating plant parasitic nematodes and is widely distributed mainly in temperate areas. Ditylenchus dipsaci kuhn, 1857 filipjev, 1936 pest rating. In those areas it causes a disease called stem break. Control of ditylenchus dipsaci in infected garlic seed cloves by nonfumigant nematicides article pdf available in journal of nematology 181. Garlic bulbs heavily infected withditylenchus dipsaci were chemically treated to control the nematode. In heavy infestation crop losses of 6080% are not unusual. Recommendation of the working group on the annexes of the. Ditylenchus dipsaci an overview sciencedirect topics. Ditylenchus dipsaci is one of the most devastating plant parasitic nematodes on a wide range of crops. Gordillo1 1department of mathematics and statistics, utah state university, logan, ut 84322 2department of biology, utah state university, logan, ut 84322 1. Mixed results relative to efficacy and phytotoxicity were reported in several studies of various nonfumigant nemati cides to control soilborne and seedborne d. The use of certified propagative material in uninfected soils is the best preventive and economical measure to avoid infestations of d.
Risk to plant health of ditylenchus destructor for the eu. It focused the assessment of entry, establishment, spread and impact on two crops. The stem and bulb nematode, ditylenchus dipsaci, is a plantparasitic nematode affecting over 500 plant species with major destruction occurring in onion, garlic, beet, strawberry, broad bean, potato, alfalfa, and oat sturhan and brzeski, 1991. Characterization of two races of the stem and bulb nematode ditylenchus dipsaci in israel. The stem and bulb nematode, ditylenchus dipsaci, is a plantparasitic nem atode affecting. Its chromosome number has been reported from a number of hosts and geographical origins and it varies from n 6 to 30 sturhan and brzeski, 1991. Ditylenchus destructor potato tuber nematode, potato rot nematode is. Pm 787 2 ditylenchus destructor and ditylenchus dipsaci 2017. Tylenchus dipsaci ditylenchus phloxidis ditylenchus fragariae.
The internal transcribed spacer its of rdna from 23 popu. Read further studies on the population development of ditylenchus dipsaci and aphelenchoides ritzemabosi in virusinfected and virus free tobacco, nematologica on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Pdf molecular characterization of ditylenchus dipsaci on. Anguillulina filipev, 1936 nothotylenchus thorne, 1941 boleodoroides mathur, khan and prasad, 1966 diptenchus khan, chawla and seshadri, 1969 safianema siddiqi, 1980 orrina brzeski, 1981. Ditylenchus dipsaci causes twisting, distortion, and discoloration of stems and foliage of ornamentals, and distorted and cracked bulbs. Not surprisingly, several species have been described with morphological. While every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and uptodate information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in. Ditylenchus dipsaci wikimili, the free encyclopedia. Oct 16, 2017 ditylenchus dipsaci is a species complex including diploid and polyploid individuals.
Reproduction occurs throughout the year, except in cold weather. Ditylenchus dipsaci has been documented in early reports as a complex containing several species sturhan and brzeski, 1991. The relationship between crop rotation periods and pest reemergence s. The present study singles out the giant race f rom this complex, herein described as. Ditylenchus destructor potato tuber nematode, potato rot nematode is recorded from all continents, mainly from temperate regions. Ditylenchus destructor and ditylenchus dipsaci, eppo. Regulations require that propagative materials onions seeds and onion sets are certified to be free of d. Fun ditylenchus dipsaci photo galler valleycleaners. Tylenchida, parasitizing sowthistle from adriatic coast dunes in southern italy n. It is of great economic significance worldwide and on the list of quarantine organisms of many countries. Ditylenchus destructor usually feeds as an endoparasite below ground on tulips and other bulbs, but can also feed on fungal hyphae.
For publication in journals, books or magazines, permission should be obtained from the original photographers with a copy to eppo. Some members of this genus, particularly ditylenchus dipsaci, have much larger host ranges than other plant nematodes, which supports the ancient origin of this genus 2,48. Changes in cuticular permeability associated with recovery. Ditylenchus destructor and ditylenchus dipsaci speci. The stem and bulb nematode, ditylenchus dipsaci kuhn is one of the most. China, for example, will not allow cambodian rice to be imported unless the government can certify that the milled rice exported to china are free from the following quarantine pests of chinese concern. It is commonly known as the stem nematode, the stem and bulb eelworm, or onion bloat in the united kingdom. Hosted by the usgs core science analytics and synthesis. Secondary infections of fungi, bacteria and freeliving. Hosts include onion, garlic, carrots, peas, potatoes, strawberry, apples and peaches. Ditylenchus destructor, however, is capable of surviving low temperatures and overwinters as eggs, which gives this species eggs some advantage over d.
Ditylenchus dipsaci is a migratory endoparasite that enters hosts through stomata or plant wounds and creates galls or malformations in plant growth allowing for the entrance of secondary pathogens such as fungi and bacteria. Control of ditylenchus dipsaci in garlic by bulb and soil. Ditylenchus destructor was described by thorne as a valid species in 1945. Ditylenchus dipsaci ditydioverview eppo global database. Many weeds and grasses are hosts for the nematode and may play an.
Widely distributed in temperate regions of the world. Ditylenchus dipsaci species complex based on the sequences of the internal transcribed spacerrdna. Molecular characterization of ditylenchus dipsaci on onion in. Study of ditylenchus dipsaci kuhn filipjev populations. Ditylenchus a genus of roundworms, or nematodes, of the family tylenchidae.
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